心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)是慢性肾脏病(Chronic kidney disease,CKD)的重要并发症和主要死亡原因。随着CKD 的进展，CVD 的发生率明显增高。心肾在病理生理过程中互为因果，密切相关。通常我们将CKD 患者的CVD 危险因素分为传统因素(与一般人群相同的危险因素)和非传统因素(与肾脏损害相关的危险因素)。CKD 患者的CVD 防治一方面在于早期诊断，选择适当的检查评估患者是否已存在心血管病变或是伴发心血管并发症的危险程度；另一方面，需要从延缓CKD 的进展、控制CVD的危险因素和治疗终末期肾脏病的各种并发症几方面着手。

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most important complications and the primary cause of death in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The incidence of CVD increases dramatically with the development of CKD. Heart and kidney are pathophysiologically interacted each other. The risk factors for CVD in CKD patients are generally divided into traditional factors (those similar in healthy people) and nontraditional factors (those specific in CKD patients). Early prevention and treatment of CVD in CKD patients depend on the timely evaluation of CVD presentations and the risk factors for CVD and its complications and on the management of CVD progression, CVD risk factors and various complications derived from end stage renal disease.