【Abstract】Studies of the erythropoietin(EPO) regulation, an important pathophysiological response to hypoxia, have led to the discovery of oxygen sensing and adapting system. This discovery has provided a theoretical basis for the treatment of EPO deficiency-related diseases. The development of hypoxia inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor (HIF- PHI) through the targeting of prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) is a type of translational medicine based on this discovery. HIF-PHIs have used clinically for the treatment of renal anemia. However, the effects of HIF-PHI on kidney and its related diseases are largely unhnown. In this paper, we summarize the potential effects of HIF-PHI on anemia, kidney diseases and CKD-related cardiovascular disease.