【Abstract】Renal anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD patients often complicate with chronic inflammatory status, which can aggravate the renal anemia by interfering with the production of erythrocytes, reactivity to erythropoietin (EPO) and iron homeostasis. Traditional therapies have limited effects on renal anemia. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) plays an important role in the regulation of inflammatory status. Hypoxia-inducible factors-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor (HIF-PHI) can improve bone marrow microenvironment, leading to the promotion of EPO production, inhibition of hepcidin expression, increase of iron absorption and utilization, and alleviation of inflammatory injury to kidney and renal anemia. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the mechanism of inflammatory status on anemia and its treatment in CKD patients.