自体动静脉内瘘(autogenous arteriovenous fistula，AVF)是血液透析的首选血管通路，但内瘘建立后原发失败率高，主要表现为静脉新内膜增生(neointimal hyperplasia，NIH)，因此抑制NIH、改善内瘘通畅性是促进AVF成熟的主要挑战。本文综述了AVF的病理生理学，总结了抑制AVF静脉新内膜增生、促进内瘘成熟的潜在治疗方法。

Autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the vascular access of choice for hemodialysis. However, primary failure after fistula surgery occurs frequently, mainly in the form of venous neointimal hyperplasia (NIH). As a result, the main challenge to promote AVF maturation is the inhibition of venous NIH to maintain patency of the fistula. This article reviews the pathophysiology of AVF and summarizes the potential therapeutic approaches to inhibit venous NIH in AVF and to promote maturation of the endovascular fistula.