动脉硬化是一种严重、缓慢发展的血管病变，近年来在终末期肾病(end stage renal disease，ESRD)患者中越来越常见，它会引发患者心脑血管等疾病进展从而导致死亡，对患者的预后具有重要影响。由于血液透析患者合并动脉硬化的临床表现往往比较隐匿，不容易发现。本文就维持性血液透析患者发生动脉硬化的危险因素及防治进行介绍，以期减少动脉硬化的发生，改善患者预后。

Arteriosclerosis is a serious and slowly developing vascular lesion, and is frequently detected in end stage kidney disease (ESRD) patients in recent years. It triggers the progression of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, profoundly affecting prognosis of the patients and even leading to death. The clinical manifestations of arteriosclerosis are usually insidious and easily to be neglected in hemodialysis patients. In this paper we introduce the recent advances in the risk factors, prevention and treatment of arteriosclerosis in maintenance hemodialysis patients, in order to prevent the occurrence of arteriosclerosis and improve the prognosis of these patients.