Objective  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of peripheral cutting balloon (PCB) angioplasty in the treatment of stenosis in autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or arteriovenous graft(AVG). Methods The maintenance hemodialysis patients treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty using PCB angioplasty in Beijing Haidian Hospital from September 2019 to September 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Their clinical and follow-up data, primary patency and primary assisted patency after the operation for 3, 6 and 12 months were recruited.  Results  A total of 107 patients were enrolled in this study, including patients with AVF group (n=76) and those with AVG group (n=31). The technical success rate and clinical success rate were 100% in both groups. The mean pressure of opening stenosis was 8.68±1.20 atm in AVF group, and 9.35±1.66 atm in AVG group (t=-2.037, P=0.058). The primary patency rates after the operation for 3, 6 and 12 months were 85.5%, 57.9% and 42.1% respectively in AVF group, and were 67.7%, 38.7% and 25.8% respectively in AVG group (c2=4.415, P=0.036 after 3 months; c2=0.567, P=0.45 after 6 months; c2=2.499, P=0.114 after 12 months). The primary assisted patency rates after the operation for 6 and 12 months were 65.8% and 72.4% respectively in AVF group, and were 58.1% and 61.3% respectively in AVG group (c2=0.567, P=0.451 after 6 months; c2=1.267, P=0.260 after 12 months). Log-rank test showed that the cumulative patency rate was higher in AVF group than in AVG group (c2=4.338, RR=1.28, P=0.037).  Conclusions  PCB angioplasty is effective and safe in the treatment of hemodialysis access stenosis, and has better effects in AVF group than in AVG group. However, the effects of this method need to be further investigated due to our less patient number and shorter follow-up period.