Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is now widely used in the long-term treatment of patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare and serious complication of long-term PD patients with a high morbidity and mortality rate. The clinical symptoms of EPS mainly include irregular, persistent or frequent gastrointestinal obstruction symptoms often accompanied by severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Imaging mostly shows progressive fibrotic thickening and sclerosis of the peritoneum, leading to intestinal encapsulation and followed by partial or complete intestinal obstruction. The purpose of this review is to introduce the pathogenesis of EPS and the progress of its diagnosis and treatment.