28 December 2025, Volume 31 Issue 12

    

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  Postbiotic Properties of Probiotic Fermented Oats： Nutrient Transformation， Metabolite Enrichment， and Bacterial Growth Effects

  Food and Nutrition in China. 2025, 31(12): 1-8.

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  【Objective】 To investigate the effects of probiotic fermentation on the nutritional composition and functional activity of oats， and to evaluate its potential as a postbiotic product.【Method】 The oat substrate was fermented using a mixture of probiotic strains， including Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum， fol lowed by inactivation. The non-fermented， fermented， and inactivated fermented oats were analyzed and compared for their contents of probiotic nucleic acids， primary nutrients， and functional metabolites.【Result】 qPCR analysis showed a significant increase （P<0.05） in probiotic nucleic acid content after fermentation. Although the UHT inactivation process significantly reduced the qPCR signal due to compromised DNA template quality， the final values remained significantly higher than the baseline levels. Nutritionally， fermented oats had higher levels of protein， free amino acid， and reducing sugars， but lower levels of fat and starch. Total dietary fiber and β-glucan contents did not change significantly. Furthermore， fermentation significantly increased the levels of functional metabolites， including the antioxidants γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA） and protocatechuic aldehyde， as well as the short-chain fatty acid， acetic acid.【Conclusion】 Probiotic fermentation effectively enhances the nutritional value and functional properties of oats. The inactivated product retains substantial amounts of probiotic components and metabolites， demonstrating its potential as a postbiotic functional food.
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  Study on in Vitro Digestion Characteristics of Probiotics Carried by W1/O/W2 Emulsion Formed from Pea Protein Isolate

  Food and Nutrition in China. 2025, 31(12): 9-16.

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  【Objective】 To study beneficial effects of W1/O/W2 emulsion encapsulated bacteria on probiotics in simulated in vitro digestion based on pea protein isolate （PPI）.【Method】 Lactobacillus planplanum was encapsulated in the internal aqueous phase of W1/O/W2 emulsion， and the effects of different concentrations of PPI （1%， 2%， 4%， 6%， 8%） on the particle size， stability， microstructure and encapsulation efficiency of W1/ O/W2 emulsion were studied. The changes in the activity of the Lactobacillus planplanum during gastrointestinal digestion were verified by in vitro static simulation of the digestion process.【Result】 The W1/O/W2 emulsion formed by 4%PPI had the smallest particle size （5.91 μm）， no stratification phenomenon for 14 days， the best encapsulation efficiency （52.65%）， and the survival rate of bacteria reached 74.11% in simulated in vitro diges tion. However， there was no significant difference in bacterial survival rate between Lactobacillus plantarum suspension mixed with PPI at 8% and the double emulsion formed by 4%PPI.【Conclusion】 The W1/O/W2 emul sion formed by PPI is one of the key factors for protecting probiotics against digestive damage in addition to its encapsulation effect.
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  Visual Analysis of Global Research Hotspots and Trends of Probiotics in The Field of Type 2 Diabetes

  Food and Nutrition in China. 2025, 31(12): 17-26.

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  【Objective】 To analyze the research hotspots and frontiers of probiotics in the field of type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） in recent years and provide reference bases and directions for the treatment and clinical management of T2DM patients in China.【Method】 Based on the retrieval results from the core database of Web of Science， CiteSpace 6.1. R6 software was employed to conduct visual analyses of the publishing authors， countries， institutions， and keywords of the literatures.【Result】 Ultimately， 870 relevant literatures were retrieved. The number of publications has been on the rise year by year， with a significant amount in 2021— 2024. Among them， China has the largest number of publications， yet its centrality is far lower than that of the United States. Through the combined analysis of keyword co-occurrence， clustering， and emergence， it was discovered that "gut microbiota"， "obesity"， "insulin resistance"， etc. are the research hotspots， and "inflamma tion" and "oxidative stress" may be the frontiers of future research.【Conclusion】 In recent years， there has been a surge in high-quality articles pertaining to probiotics and diabetes， indicating significant attention and rapid development in this field. China aligns with the main research directions internationally， yet there still exists a certain gap. In the future， efforts should be intensified to strengthen the connections and collaborations among countries， authors， and institutions. Furthermore， increased investment in basic research is essential to elevate China's research standards in this domain.
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  Research Advancements on the Health Benefits of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 and Oligofructos

  Food and Nutrition in China. 2025, 31(12): 27-34.

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  【Objective】 To summarize the health benefits of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 （HN019） and oligofructose to provide a scientific basis for the research and application of HN019 and oligofructose in nutrition.【Method】 We summarized the effects and mechanisms of HN019 and oligofructose on health through a literature review.【Result】 Adding HN019 to the diet can increase the number of intestinal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli， reduce the adhesion of intestinal pathogenic bacteria， reduce the occurrence of infectious diseases in children， and improve the intestinal transit time of patients with functional constipation. Oligofructose can promote the proliferation of bifidobacteria， improve stool looseness in formula-fed infants and children， and increase the level of intestinal enteric secretory IgA to regulate immunity.【Conclusion】 HN019 and oligofructose have the effect of improving gut health and regulating immunity.
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  Behavioural Intervention and Low-Carbon Diet： An Experiment in Beijing#br#

  Food and Nutrition in China. 2025, 31(12): 35-46.

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  【Objective】 This study aimed to examine the effects of behavioral interventions on consumers' sustainable dietary choices in out-of-home dining contexts， providing empirical evidence for promoting the transition to a low-carbon diet.【Method】 A randomized controlled trial was conducted in four fast-food chain restaurants in Beijing to systematically evaluate the impacts of traffic-light carbon labels， default options， information prompts， and combined interventions on consumer food choices. A total of 51，232 transaction records were collected and analyzed using a difference-in-differences model for causal identification.【Result】 The results showed that both traffic-light labels and default options significantly reduced consumers' consumption of high-carbon foods. However， both interventions exhibited diminishing effects over the short term and were ac companied by behavioral spillover. Information prompts did not produce significant synergistic effects when combined with other interventions.【Conclusion】 This study verifies the applicability of behavioral economics theory in the Chinese catering context and recommends integrating behavioral science approaches into the national food governance system to promote sustainable dietary consumption patterns on the demand side.
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  Assessment of Malnutrition Status and Analysis of Influencing Factors in Hospitalized Patients Based on the GLIM Criteria

  Food and Nutrition in China. 2025, 31(12): 47-53.

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  【Objective】 To retrospectively investigate the prevalence of malnutrition among inpatients in a tertiary hospital in Chengdu using the GLIM diagnostic criteria.【Method】 A total of 187 patients from various wards were enrolled. Nutritional status was assessed retrospectively with the GLIM criteria （without muscle mass reduction）， and the incidence and determinants of malnutrition were analysed.【Result】 1.Based on GLIM， the malnutrition rate was 19.8%； nutritional risk screened by NRS 2002 was 28.34%. 2.Compared with the well nourished group， malnourished patients showed significantly lower body weight （P=0.006）， BMI （P=0.001）， mid-upper arm circumference （P=0.001）， calf circumference （P=0.001）， hand-grip strength （P=0.020）， haemoglobin （P=0.020）， albumin （P=0.032） and lymphocyte count （P=0.017） （all P<0.05）. 3.Malnutrition incidence rose significantly with age≥65 years， increasing number of comorbidities and lower education level （P <0.05）. 4.Non-voluntary weight loss， low BMI， disease burden/inflammation and reduced food intake/absorp tion were strongly associated with malnutrition （P<0.001）. 5. Multivariate logistic regression identified nutritional risk， impaired food absorption and disease burden/inflammation as independent risk factors （OR= 10.352， 4.852 and 5.015， respectively）.【Conclusion】 Hospital inpatients exhibit a high prevalence of nutritional risk and malnutrition. The GLIM criteria are suitable for nutritional assessment； nutritional risk， impaired food absorption and disease burden are independent predictors of malnutrition.
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  Association of Dietary Choline Intake with Pulmonary Function and Disease Control in Children with Asthma

  Food and Nutrition in China. 2025, 31(12): 54-58.

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  【Objective】To investigate the relationship between dietary choline intake and pulmonary function and disease control in children with asthma.【Method】A total of 80 children with bronchial asthma admitted to the Department of Pediatrics of Tangshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital from August 2024 to April 2025 were selected as the research objects. The daily choline intake was quantified by 24-hour dietary recall method， and the daily choline intake was continuously monitored for 7 days. The average value was taken and divided into three groups by fixed threshold method ： high intake group （>250 mg/d， n=27 ）， medium intake group （150— 250 mg/d， n=26）， low intake group （<150 mg， n=27）. All children were treated with standardized asthma treat ment and respiratory rehabilitation training. The forced vital capacity （FVC）， one-second rate ［forced expiratory volume in the first second/FVC （FEV1/FVC）］ and peak expiratory flow （ PEF ） were measured before and after treatment. The asthma control test scale （ ACT ） and asthma control questionnaire （ACQ） were used to evaluate and compare. 【Result】After treatment， the ACT scores of the three groups were higher than those before treat ment. The ACT score ： high-dose group > middle-dose group > low-dose group （P<0.05）. The ACQ scores of the three groups after treatment were lower than those before treatment. ACQ score ： high dose group < middle dose group < low dose group .The FVC， FEV1/FVC and PEF of the three groups were higher than those before treatment. The comparison between the groups showed that the three indexes were all high-dose group > middle dose group > low-dose group， and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant （P<0.05）. Pearson correlation analysis showed that dietary choline intake in children with asthma was positively correlated with ACT scale score and lung function indexes FVC， FEV1/FVC and PEF， and negatively correlated with ACQ scale score （P<0.05）.【Conclusion】Dietary choline intake is associated with pulmonary function and disease control in children with asthma. Higher dietary choline intake shows potential to improve pulmonary function and reduce disease severity， and its clinical implementation is recommended.
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  Effects of Multiple Trace Elements Supplementation on Antioxidant， Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Functions in Rats Fed High-Fat Diet

  Food and Nutrition in China. 2025, 31(12): 59-65.

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  【Objective】 To investigate the effects of multiple trace elements supplementation on antioxidant， anti-inflammatory and immune functions of rats on a high-fat diet， and to provide an experimental basis for trace elements supplementation.【Method】 Four-week-old male SPF-grade Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group， trace element supplementation group， high-fat diet group and high-fat diet with elemental supplementation group. The trace element supplementation group and high-fat diet with elemental supplementa tion group were gavaged with trace elements （containing boron， vanadium， chromium， manganese， iron， cobalt， copper， zinc， selenium， strontium and molybdenum） daily for 8 weeks， and serum samples were col lected to measure lipid levels， body antioxidant levels， inflammatory factor levels and immune function. 【Result】 The high-fat diet group showed increased levels of body weight， triglycerides， total cholesterol， and malondialdehyde， increased activity of enzymes such as xanthine oxidase， and increased percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes. Also， the high-fat diet group had decreased catalase activity， decreased levels of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10， and decreased proportions of CD3+ T lymphocytes， CD4+ T lymphocytes， and CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes. In contrast， supplementation with multiple trace elements reversed the above abnormalities， while increasing total antioxidant capacity and glutathione levels， improving the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase， glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase， and decreasing the level of interleukin-6.【Conclu⁃ sion】 Multiple trace elements supplementation improved antioxidant capacity， anti-inflammatory capacity and immune function in rats on a high-fat diet.
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  Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ameliorates DSS-Induced Acute Colitis in Mice

  Food and Nutrition in China. 2025, 31(12): 66-73.

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  【Objective】 Inflammatory bowel disease （IBD） is an inflammatory disease caused by intestinal specific immune abnormalities of regulation， studies have examined the multiple effects of Omega-3 PUFAs， such as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. However， the immunomodulatory effect of ω-3 PUFAs on IBD needs further study.【Method】 In this study， Fat-1 transgenic mice producing endogenous ω-3 PUFAs and litters of wild-type C57/BL6 mice were used to induce colitis models by dextran sulfate sodium （DSS）. The lisease activity index （DAI） score was performed. Colon length was measured and HE staining was performed. Intestinal permeability was detected by FITC-glucan. mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators IL-1β， TNF-α， NF-κβ and iNOS were detected by RT-PCR. ZO-1 protein was detected by immunofluorescence， and Occludin and Claudin 5 were detected by Western blot.【Result】 Compared with the WT DSS group， the DAI score was decreased in the Fat-1 DSS group， and colon length was increased. Intestinal goblet cell number was decreased and mucosal damage was improved. mRNA expression levels of IL-1β， TNF-α， NF-κB and iNOS in colon were decreased. The expressions of ZO-1， occludin and claudin 5 were up-regulated， and the content of FITC in serum was decreased.【Conclusion】 Omega-3 PUFAs can improve IBD by protecting the intestinal bar rier and reducing intestinal inflammatory response.
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  Research Progress on Molecular Composition and Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharide from Seaweed

  Food and Nutrition in China. 2025, 31(12): 82-87.

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  【Objective】 To summarize and discuss the molecular composition of seaweed polysaccharides and their immune regulatory effects， providing a scientific reference for improving the added value of seaweed. 【Method】 Retrieving literature on the molecular composition and immunomodulatory activity of four types of seaweed polysaccharides from CNKI and PUBMED databases， and summarizing and explaining related research content.【Result】 The monosaccharide composition and structure of different plant-derived seaweed polysac charides are not consistent， and their immune regulatory effects and mechanisms on the body are also different. 【Conclusion】 Seaweed polysaccharides have a positive regulatory effect on the immune function of the body， and they possess great medicinal potential.
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  Optimization of Preparation Process and Antioxidant Activity of Lily Enzyme

  Food and Nutrition in China. 2025, 31(12): 88-92.

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  【Objective】 In order to extend the shelf life of lily and enrich the market lily products.【Method】 Tak ing Lanzhou high-quality lily as raw material and taking the ability of scavenging free radicals， i.e. reducing power and sensory score as indicators， Lactobacillus plantarum was inoculated on the basis of natural fermenta tion. The fermentation temperature， inoculation amount， sugar concentration and fermentation time of lily enzyme were optimized by single factor test and orthogonal test.The antioxidant activity of lily enzyme was determined by DPPH method.【Result】 The optimum fermentation conditions of lily enzyme were 300 g lily， fermentation temperature 37 ℃， inoculation amount 5%， sugar concentration 5% and fermentation time 11 days. 【Conclusion】 Lily enzyme has good ability of scavenging DPPH free radical and reducing power.
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  Research Progress on Evaluation Indexes of Milk Heat Treatment Intensity

  Food and Nutrition in China. 2025, 31(12): 93-100.

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  【Objective】 Heat treatment is the most widely used processing technology in the dairy industry. By analyzing the changes in milk components during heat treatment and their correlation with the treatment process， appropriate indicators can be selected to evaluate the intensity of heat treatment.【Method】 This paper retrieved relevant literature from databases such as CNKI， Wanfang， and PubMed， summarizing the information on milk heat treatment intensity evaluation indicators.【Result】 A review was provided on indicators such as heat sensitive enzymes， lactose derivatives， Maillard reaction products， whey proteins， and vitamins.【Conclusion】 Selecting appropriate evaluation indicators based on the changes in milk components during heat treatment was crucial for accurately measuring the intensity of heat treatment.